White Papers

Communication converter

As defined in the International Standard IEC 61375, the train consist network can be conceptualised based on different network technologies. …

Ethernet network services based on new switches and routers

Up until recently, train vehicles have electronically been managed based on fieldbus communication such as CAN and MVB. New operational concepts …

Threat detection solution

Cyber risks become more and more eminent in the railway industry. Regulations, such as the European NIS Directive, demand the railway …

The evolution in sensor technology

Many manufacturers have long relied on accelerometers, gyroscopes, and inertial measurement units from ASC for these tasks for measuring vibrations …

Rail section monitoring during running operation

Three to four trains, including second-generation ICEs and ICs, are used for 'continuous track condition monitoring'. The thought process behind this …